In 1942, the organization changes its name to Planned Parenthood Federation of America.ġ941 The National Council of Negro Women becomes the first national women’s organization to officially endorse the practice of contraception.ġ950 While in her 80s, Sanger organizes support for research to create the first birth control pill.ġ953 Biologists John Rock and Gregory Pincus team up to develop the birth control pill, funded by two million dollars from philanthropist Katharine Dexter McCormick. Constitution.ġ938 Diaphragms, also known as “womb veils,” become a popular method of birth control.ġ939 By this year, nearly 400 community-based and state-sponsored birth control clinics exist throughout the country.ġ939–1942 Several national groups advocating for birth control join together in 1939 to form the Birth Control Federation of America. One Package rules that the federal Comstock law violates the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in U.S. infamously says, “three generations of imbeciles are enough.”ġ936 The U.S. To justify the decision, Oliver Wendall Holmes, Jr. Bell that coercive sterilization does not violate the U.S. Sanger, the New York State Court of Appeals reverses the criminal conviction of Margaret Sanger, ruling that New York’s limitations on the distribution of birth control are unconstitutional because they infringe upon women’s liberties by forcing them to conceive more children than they want.ġ918 African American women of the Women’s Political Association of Harlem hold their first public lecture on birth control.ġ920 Margaret Sanger publicly states that “birth control is nothing more or less than the facilitation of the process of weeding out the unfit of preventing the birth of defectives.” Despite disagreeing with some of the ideas of the eugenicists, who were part of the mainstream scientific establishment of the day, Sanger sought legitimacy for her controversial demand for birth control by aligning with them.ġ921 Sanger founds the American Birth Control League, the precursor of Planned Parenthood, at the First American Birth Control Conference in New York City.ġ927 The Supreme Court rules in Buck v. In 1917, she begins publishing the magazine Birth Control Review to educate the public about contraception.ġ918 In the case of People v. Once released, Sanger re-opens her clinic and continues to persevere through more arrests and prosecutions. The next year, a New York court convicts Sanger of “maintaining a public nuisance” by dispensing contraceptive devices and sentences her to jail for 30 days. State officials use these laws disproportionately to target Black women, Native American women and poor women and girls.ġ914 Believing that “enforced motherhood is the most complete denial of a woman’s right to life and liberty,” public health nurse Margaret Sanger coins the term “birth control” and begins her decades-long campaign to make contraceptives legal and available to women in America.ġ916 Margaret Sanger opens the first birth control clinic in the United States in Brownsville, Brooklyn. These laws list the “insane,” the “feeble-minded,” the “dependent,” and the “diseased” as incapable of regulating their own reproductive abilities, therefore justifying government-forced sterilizations. Indiana enacts the nation’s first compulsory sterilization law in 1907 by 1929, thirty states have similar laws. Many states pass similar laws in the following years.ġ907 The United States institutes public policies that give the government the right to sterilize “unwilling and unwitting” people. The law’s chief proponent and namesake Anthony Comstock becomes a special agent for the U.S. Postal Service to mail any obscenity, contraceptives, abortifacients, or sex toys and authorizes the postal service to confiscate birth control sold through the mail. The low pH of the dung may have had a spermicidal effect.ġ619-1870 Black women draw upon African folk remedies to create medicines that are shared and spread among enslaved populations to resist coerced reproduction by white men.ġ855 The first rubber condom is produced.ġ873 Congress passes the Comstock Act, which criminalizes using the U.S. These methods often failed.Īround 3000 BCE Ancient societies, including Crete and Egypt, begin developing condoms made from animal and fish bladders or intestines and linen sheaths.Īround 1850 BCE Egypt develops one of the first spermicides by combining crocodile dung and fermented dough. Prior to reliable modern methods of birth control, people relied on withdrawal or periodic abstinence. These efforts, however, have often been constrained by governments, religious institutions, medical professionals and others seeking to control reproduction by blocking access to contraception and/or coercively imposing it on certain populations. People have long tried many methods to prevent pregnancy.
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A US Army Amphibious Brigade from Fort Ord used the Plunge in 1943 for aquatic training of 1,000 troops before they were shipped to South Pacific action. The US Navy occupied the facility (and the Casa Del Rey Hotel across Beach Street) for two years during World War II so that injured sailors could benefit from the healing therapy of warm salt water. Many local kids, myself included, learned to swim in the Plunge during Red Cross “Learn to Swim” programs. Aerial artists and swimmers - many from the Santa Cruz community - would regale audiences with amazing performances from high in the rafters before diving into the pool. They were leftovers from the storied Plunge Water Carnivals which ran from 1927 to 1945. I remember seeing trapeze bars and rings hanging from the building’s ceiling girders and platforms for performers above the balcony level. I recall swimming under water with my eyes open, a sure way to get “Plunge burn.” Your red, stinging eyes, irritated by the mix of chlorine and saltwater, could hurt the rest of the day. What a thrill! Plunge lifeguards pose for a photo circa the 1940s. Another right-of-passage was a dive - or just a jump - off the high diving board. After a session of Red Cross swimming lessons, I would venture into the middle area, swimming or paddling with growing confidence. The larger L-shaped pool with diving boards was about 12-ft. One was about 5-ft deep and used by parents with small kids. There were two pools, holding a combined 408,000 gallons of water. Heading to the pool area, I’d go down the steps into the 83 degree water – like entering a hot tub today - and quickly snuggle up against a spout of incoming warm water. I’d walk toward the men’s locker area where rows of lockers were layered over several floors the area was musty, damp and sparsely illuminated. Patrons could also rent a bathing suit, but I never did. The 25-cent entrance fee entitled me to an official towel. If time permitted and the pools didn’t look too crowded, I’d go back to my family’s Bright Spot Concession for my swimming trunks and return for a “plunge into the Plunge.” Rings and trapeze for the Plunge Water Carnivals are shown in 1938. The misty humid air coming off the heated mix of saltwater and chlorine, floated upwards, giving a distinctive feel to the upper reaches of the hanger-like building. I remember ducking into the Plunge through the colonnade entrance (where Laffing Sal is now), walking past the attendant and climbing the stairs to the spectators’ gallery. My own memories start in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Some of the older amusement machines still exist in the building, like the Metal Typer machine and the crazy mirrors.Older Boardwalk visitors may notice the blue ceiling girders inside Neptune’s Kingdom and fondly recall swimming in the Plunge. In 1989, after the Loma Prieta Earthquake, the old miniature golfcourse was demolished and the entire facility was remodeled. In many ways the elimination of the Plunge marked the end of the Boardwalk's original purpose, since the site began as a bathhouse. However, in 1963 the building was repurposed and made into the a mini golfcourse, due to the declining interest in indoor swimming. This was also the location of the Water Carnival, where aquatic acrobats and "human submarines" would come to perform superhuman feats. Historically, the building used to hold a large indoor pool called the Plunge. The Barbary Coast Restaurant serves burgers, deli sandwiches, and espresso. Entertainment features at Neptune's Kingdom include the Smuggler's Arcade, with pinball machines and video games downstairs, the upstairs' Captain's Game Deck with eight pool tables, air hockey, fosse ball, snacks, and beer, and Buccaneer Bay, a two-story 18-hole miniature golf course. The mobile security app for iOS is also very limited, providing only web protection, simple email breach monitoring, and a bare-bones VPN. Its password manager may be too basic for some users, lacking features like emergency access and password sharing. I also think it’s amazing that Bitdefender’s anti-theft protection works on Windows devices – most competitors like Avira offer anti-theft on mobile devices only.īut as much as I like Bitdefender, I can’t say it’s without flaws. Most of Bitdefender’s features work great - the system optimization tools cleared up a lot of space on my PC and improved my device’s performance, the VPN is comparable in speed and performance to standalone VPNs, and the parental controls are highly customizable and even include location tracking and geofencing. Anti-theft protection for Windows and Android.Secure web browser for safe online payments.In addition, Bitdefender has more security features than almost all other brands: It also has some of the best web protections on the market, detecting more dangerous sites than the built-in protections of Chrome, Firefox, and Edge. It has all of the cybersecurity protections most users need to stay 100% safe, it’s super easy to use across all devices and operating systems, and it’s cheaper than most competing brands.ĭuring all of my tests, Bitdefender had perfect results against all types of malware samples, and thanks to its cloud-based antivirus engine, it didn’t slow down my computer during full system scans (unlike most antiviruses). Bitdefender is one of my favorite antiviruses in 2023. Compact mode - A condensed display mode, where the area representing a file or folder takes a smaller place the default mode.Toggle thumbnail modes - Toggles between the two modes(cover and contain) of displaying thumbnails, see bellow for more details.Show/Hide Subfolders - Toggles the visibility of folders in the perspective.(8) More options - will open a sub menu where you can choose among the following options:.Sort order is preserved after navigation to a new folder. This could be useful if TagSpaces is used as music player and you want to hear audio tracks in a random order. Random - will sort the files in a random way.will sort the files alphabetically by their file extension. First Tag - will sort the files alphabetically by the title of their first tag.Date Modified - will sort the files by the date of the last modification.Size - will sort the files by their size.Title - will sort the file alphabetically by name.There is an arrow in front of one these options, it indicates how the files and folders in the perspective are sorted. (7) Sort files - open a menu with following options. (6) Delete files - will open a dialog where you can confirm the deletion of the selected files. After specifying the target directory (which can be anywhere on the file system, even outside your connected locations), you can choose to move or copy the file(s) by pressing the corresponding button. Selecting this option will present you with the Move or Copy File(s) dialog. This option is only available when there is an active selection, and works on multiple files simultaneously. (5) Copy/move files will allow you to copy or move the currently selected files. (This options is only available when there is an active selection, and works on multiple files simultaneously.) To learn more about how tagging works, refer to the Tagging -> Tagging using context menus section. (4) Add/Remove tags will allow you to manage tags on selected files. (3) Switches the views - toggles between the grid and list views of this perspective. This action can be achieved also by using the BACKSPACE key of the keyboard. (2) Open parent folder - will navigate to the parent folder of the current folder, if it is part of the current location. (1) Toggles File Selection - will mark every file in the perspective as selected or unselected. The toolbar includes the following buttons and sub menus. The toolbar of the perspective is located in the top part of the perspective's, see the rectangle from the previous screenshot. The violet colored rectangle shows the area in TagSpaces which is typically occupied by the perspectives. Initially, the start of the series focused on the human nations that make up the Eastern Kingdoms, and the Orcish Horde, which arrived in Azeroth via a dark portal, beginning the great wars. Īll games in the series have been set in and around the world of Azeroth, a high fantasy setting. The game was officially released on January 28, 2020. Īt BlizzCon 2018 on November 2, 2018, Blizzard announced a remaster of Warcraft III entitled Warcraft III: Reforged featuring remodeled characters and graphics with a prospective release in 2019. World of Warcraft's ninth expansion, Dragonflight, released November 28, 2022. Warcraft is one of the highest-grossing video game franchises of all time, having grossed $11.2 billion in lifetime revenue, as of 2018.Įxpansion sets were released for Warcraft II ( Beyond the Dark Portal), Warcraft III ( The Frozen Throne) and multiple expansions were released for World of Warcraft ( The Burning Crusade, Wrath of the Lich King, Cataclysm, Mists of Pandaria, Warlords of Draenor, Legion, Battle for Azeroth and Shadowlands). The fourth and best-selling title of the franchise is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG), where players control their character and interact with each other in a virtual world. The first three of these core games are in the real-time strategy genre, where opposing players command virtual armies in battle against each other or a computer-controlled enemy. The series is made up of five core games: Warcraft: Orcs & Humans, Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness, Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos, World of Warcraft, and Hearthstone. Warcraft is a franchise of video games, novels, and other media created by Blizzard Entertainment. MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, Sega Saturn, PlayStation, iOS, Android Real-time strategy, MMORPG, collectible card game |